Critical Analysis of Diamond Shipwreck and Tang Shipwreck as the Essay

Basic Analysis of Diamond Shipwreck and Tang Shipwreck as the Milestones in the World Trade Relationship - Essay Example In spite of the fact that the material confirmations acquired from these two wrecks are not adequate enough to delineate the entire exchange relationship among the nations of the world, they are very ground-breaking as verifications to help the historians’ claims about the world exchange relationship, which had been significantly impacted by the contemporary force legislative issues of that time. The wrecks, being situated at thousands miles of separation and happening at a time frame hundred years, essentially fill in as achievements in the high points and low points of intensity relations just as exchange relations among the nations. Wreck portrayed by Roff Smith happened on an obscure date in the 1533 and is situated at â€Å"the sea shore sands of the Sperrgebiet† (Smith 3) on Namibia’s south coast, while Worrall’s wreck is situated under the blue water of â€Å"the Gelasa Strait, a channel molded section between the little Indonesian islands of Bangk a and Belitung† (Worrall 2). Contingent upon a date recorded on one of the Changsha bowls, Worrall expected that the wreck may happen on a mysterious date in the A.D. 826. The Overall Picture of Asia-Europe Trade Relationships among the Countries The material confirmations found at the wreck site in the Java Sea reasonably end up being solid help for the historians’ claims about the Chinese business relationship with the Arab nations, particularly with the financial powerhouse in Baghdad. Worrall claims that ‘The Silk Road and the Maritime Silk Route, which had connected China to the world, slipped by into neglect [after 878 AD]’ as a result of â€Å"[the Confucian] doubt of dealers and the remote influences† (Worrall 3). In all actuality â€Å"[the Confucian] doubt of dealers and the remote influences† was the unrivaled reason for the pass of the Silk Route and the Maritime Silk Route. Or maybe it was one of various causes â€such as, the O ttoman blockade and correspondence, Mongol savageness, rot of security, and so forth on along the Silk Route-that were remapping the political force connections among the nations. These reshaped power-relations among the nations were then impacting the Arab-China, Arab-Europe and, hence, China-Europe exchange relationship. Thusly, China turned internal and the European pilgrims were genuinely looking for a backup way to go to Fareast. The European investigation of the Atlantic and the New World was roused by various money related, strict and mechanical reasons. Following by the modern upheaval in Europe, the Age of Exploration was basically a period of developing exchange and business. In later 50% of the fifteenth century, the developing conflict among Europe and the Ottoman Empire started to limit the extent of exchanging silk and flavor including incense, therapeutic herbs, medications and opium, and so forth through the silk course and the zest exchange courses. As a reaction to this contracting extent of exchanging along the eastbound land and ocean course, the Portuguese and the Spanish were propelled to pick another two other options: first they were scanning for an elective course to east and Southeast Asian Markets; second, they were attempting to discover markets of modest slave-works, other significant products like gold, silver, ivory, and so on in the African district. Thusly, in 1418 the Portuguese started investigation along the African bank of the Atlantic. In any case, being outfitted by the Ottoman bar on the Silk course and on other eastbound ocean courses Vasco Da Gama, supported by the Spanish ruler, ventured to every part of the African Seacoast of the Atlantic a

Aunt Denise free essay sample

Consideration in Colorado Signal! Blare! Blare! It’s 4:30 A.M. what's more, Aunt Denise is up and preparing to start her day. She has breakfast with her better half (my Uncle Dan) and they head off to cooperate at 5:45. During the day, Aunt Denise encourages an uncommon needs class at the neighborhood primary school alongside two serious understanding gatherings (one toward the beginning of the day and one toward the evening). She drives back to the farm, likewise in Pueblo, around 4 P.M. Once at home, she and Uncle Dan share the errands of taking care of the ponies, gathering chicken eggs from the coop and planting (this is consistently Aunt Denise’s work). After a long day’s work and completing their tasks, Aunt Denise causes supper and together they to plunk down to a tranquil dinner. In spite of the fact that she appears to be a normal individual, Aunt Denise is really a caring individual. Along these lines, I picked her to be my legend. Auntie Denise’s youth is fairly similar to her life is currently. In her childhood, she was encircled by individuals who she cherished and who adored her consequently. Auntie Denise lived in a warm and caring condition held together by her great guardians and kin. Consistently her mom would peruse to her and different kids before bed and ensure they were glad. Auntie Denise adored and regarded both her folks for what their identity was and never hoodwinked them. Like her youth, Aunt Denise’s juvenile years were great and she came out of them sound. Since every last bit of her companions had similar qualities and convictions, they shaped a network that repulsed the idea of medications, liquor and smoking. One reason why they never were into any of that was on the grounds that their lives were revolved around chapel and furthermore in light of the fact that Jesus was with them. â€Å"†¦I never needed to escape or get things done to agitate my folks. I regarded and cherished them.† This fair demonstrates in light of the fact that she had such incredible guardians; Aunt Denise was never sent to the brink to plan something inept for drive them mad. She additionally revealed to me that, when gone up against with peer pressure, â€Å"†¦stop and think what the final product may be. Is it worth doing or being somebody you truly don’t need to be?† This is extraordinary guidance for any young person confronting com panions who need them to accomplish something they don’t need to do. I have a solid inclination that she followed her own recommendation. Just by conversing with her, you can recognize that Aunt Denise was similarly as caring and solid disapproved as she was in her childhood. Following quite a while of experiencing childhood in a caring family with astounding guardians, Aunt Denise bloomed into a hopeful youthful grown-up. She wedded Uncle Dan and had two kids, Christine and Rebecca. She self-taught them and dealt with them as her mom accomplished for her. The family stood together when moving around, living in a trailer, for Uncle Dan’s work and support each other when they lost their most youthful little girl, Rebecca, at the age of twenty-one. She had been with her companions on a train track when a train came. Every last bit of her companions had moved off the beaten path in time yet she just wasn’t sufficiently speedy and the train executed her. Auntie Denise still laments for the misfortune that they encountered ten years prior. It changed her viewpoint on life. She let me know, â€Å"I value every second I go through with loved ones, for I can't be sure whether it might be the last.† Even with that inauspicious occasion in her life, Aunt Denise is the most cheerful and young individual I know. At whatever point my family and I visit them in Colorado, her grinning face is the main figure we see. Auntie Dan and Denise, the name they were given to by my sibling when he was two, persistently welcome us into their home with hearts that are warm and full to the edge of stories that, undoubtedly, would begin with, â€Å"When you were little†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Aunt Denise disclosed to me this one, â€Å"When you were around eighteen months, y’all stayed with us at the lodging we were remaining at, up on Chapel Hill. We were totally assembled around talking and afterward you got genuine calm. For reasons unknown, you had left us and gone into the visitor room’s storeroom. You had gotten out my green food shading from my cake enlivening unit and spread it all over your face and the bottoms of your feet. At the point when gotten some information about what you had been doing, you didn’t state anyth ing other than we discovered minimal green impressions all over our cream shaded rug! In spite of the fact that the floor covering was useless, I didn’t get distraught at you.† Now, I don’t recollect what occurred, yet by its sound, I had a talent of falling into difficulty by having little â€Å"adventures†. This story just demonstrates how sympathetic Aunt Denise is, despite the fact that I destroyed the floor covering. She likewise educated me concerning when my mom contracted pneumonia and wasn’t ready to deal with my sibling and me. Auntie Denise remained for an entire week to watch us and to ensure my mother developed better. At whatever point my family visits them out in Colorado, Aunt Dan and Denise take us fossil chasing in the dry waterway beds all over their 50 sections of land of land. We will likewise help Aunt Denise in her nursery and gather eggs from the chicken coop. Auntie Denise works the primary school as an uncommon needs instru ctor. Despite the fact that of late she has been assisting with the customary second grade class in view of a deficiency of instructors, Aunt Denise’s genuine class is an exceptional needs gathering, typically based on the evaluations K-5. She shows them everything from to . The genuine motivation behind why Aunt Denise is my saint is on the grounds that she it the most cherishing and caring individual I have ever met. She never flops in putting others needs her own and could never at any point stop to consider not helping somebody out of luck. In the event that I at any point had an inquiry or an issue, or anybody besides, she would seize the opportunity to share her recommendation or contemplations regarding the matter. As I would like to think, I think Uncle Dan says all that needs to be said. â€Å"She is a balanced individual with good motives with regards to her companions. She would be my meaning of care and worry for others.† And that she is.

Should Marijuana be legalized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should Marijuana be legitimized - Essay Example As of now, there are numerous pundits of the said law who advocate the authorization of cannabis. Truth be told, ten states (California, Colorado, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, and Oregon) have begun to decriminalize it by forcing fines rather for ownership rather the prison time as discipline. There are divisions who contend that the substance isn't destructive and, consequently, ought to be barred from the illicit opiates order, in actuality, condemning its ownership. This paper will explore whether this contention has merit and that it is sensible to decriminalize its ownership and use. There are two significant contentions behind the call to legitimize weed. The first is the thinking that it isn't destructive to wellbeing. Defenders regularly refer to clinical investigations and research that discover pot as a protected medication. For instance, there is the Drug Enforcement Administration own managerial adjudicator Francis Young, who proclaimed in his 1988 choice to suggest marijuana’s sanctioning that: â€Å"Marijuana, in its regular structure, is one of the most secure restoratively dynamic substance known to mankind† (Barton 64). In this regard, Gieringer, Rosenthal and Carter (2008) further underscored that in creature tests, the deadly portion of cannabis would be around 20,000 to multiple times than that of the ordinary portion and would require the admission of 40-80 pounds of maryjane (1). They alluded to the present measurements that, up until now, no casualty has ever been recorded out of cannabis overdose. The subsequent point regularly refered to by those for authorizing weed is that this issue has gotten much the same as the circumstance during the Prohibition period when the boycott of liquor has come about to wrongdoing and debasement. The thought is that by authorizing cannabis, a wellspring of assets would be denied on the criminal associations that presently benefit hugely from the underground exchange. Likewise, says Gomberg

3 Medical School Interview Tips from a Former Student Adcom Member

Right now, every week, there are a slew of fresh faces coming to interview for a coveted spot at our medical school. They come mostly from Tennessee; many have done undergraduate work all over the country, had previous careers, and are very impressive on paper, but they all share one thing in common: a feeling expressed on their faces that hints at sheer excitement and terror mixed evenly. Interviewing for medical school is one of the most exciting things someone can do; the hours have been poured into taking classes, studying for the MCAT, writing the lengthy application, shadowing in hospitals, researching in labs, and often times neglecting personal life to become one of the few to don the white coat as a student doctor. There are a few things that I feel should be said to students getting ready to interview for medical school. Just a year ago, I was in those nervous, excited shoes and suit, and Im incredibly thankful for the mentors that guided me in the following ways: 1. Practice. Hours are spent practicing for the MCAT, why not practice for the one thing that could make or break an acceptance into one of the extremely competitive seats of a med school? Each undergraduate school has a career development center that is well versed in preparing students for professional interviews, both academically and industry-oriented. I always recommend setting up a practice interview with a career counselor, and gaining invaluable feedback on some personal quirks that arent always apparent to ourselves. A fault of mine is that I have unfaltering eye contact with a big, forward personality to match, and this is sometimes mistaken as aggressive and commanding to people. This was pointed out to me in a practice interview I scheduled, and I was guided on how to lighten up my intensity to let the more communicative, and expressive parts of me come across more clearly. A good way to practice answering interview questions and getting solid feedback is to work through Dr. Jessica F reedmans, The Medical School Interview with friends and family. Its a quick read and I found it helpful to hear my parents perspective with tidbits they thought would be important in telling my story while answering interview questions. 2. Read up! Im baffled sometimes when I give a tour to interviewees, and some have very basic questions that are easily accessibly on our website. The ones I know have invested time into reading about our school already understand the mission of the school, and want to know more in-depth things like what the student life is like, what things there are to do in the area, how accessible and helpful faculty are, and they essentially are interviewing me to see if my little corner of the world is somewhere they can see themselves fitting well in. Its absolutely ok, and I encourage interviewees to treat the interview day like a two-way interview. When I was in the hot seat, I asked so many questions about why my interviewers chose that school, why they like the area, and the pros and cons of that school. Youre the one that has to spend the next four years with your hands at the grindstone, so you should absolutely be invested in choosing a school that YOU see yourself at, not just one that offers you a seat. This is YOUR education, and I am a firm believer that you should take control and command of it, starting with the school you want! 3. Dont try and impress anyone. What I mean by this is that everyone already knows about everything youve ever done, because those things should have been well articulated in your application and secondaries. When we invite students for an interview, weve already thoroughly screened them, scrutinized their credentials, and know they are qualified to succeed in the rigorous medical education. The interview isnt to test academic prowess, but its so we can meet the person weve been reading about, are excited about, and see if we like each other. Come to your medical school interview prepared to show everyone the person youve written about in your application! We already know about your awards and what everyone else to say about you in your recommendation letters, and now we just want to spend some time and see if were a fit for you, and you for us. Be yourself. Be yourself. BE YOURSELF! Interview day is a lot of pressure, but its the most enjoyable and exciting part of this whole process, in my opinion. Having just gone through the rigors of applying and getting accepted to medical school, all I can say is that you should be extremely proud of the obstacles youve overcome to reach this momentous achievement. There are no magic tricks or secrets to interviewing and getting accepted to medical school; however, being an honest person with the integrity that I hope you wrote about in your application, and showing that person to us as a medical school and student body is a fast-track to an instant acceptance. The people we end up accepting are the people that I want to spend the next four years with, through the good and the bad, and they with us. The person Im willing to go out of the way for and write an email to the admissions committee is the person that would do the same for me, and is also someone Id want to have a beer with next year. So, on your interview, show them that person. Good luck! Not So Secret Secrets to Nailing the Medical School Interview is excerpted from the Accepted guide,  The Ultimate Guide to Medical School Interview Success.  To download the complete guide,  click here.   hbspt.cta.load(58291, 'f983525f-d810-452f-a0d3-c41270570189', {}); This is a repost of an article by  Joshua Wienczkowski.  For more articles by  Joshua, check out our  popular series  Journeys with Joshua. Related Resources: †¢ Prepare for Your Interview with an Admissions Expert †¢Ã‚  Sample Questions to Ask Your Interviewer †¢Ã‚  What I Learned as a Student Member of a Medical School Admissions Committee 3 Medical School Interview Tips from a Former Student Adcom Member Right now, every week, there are a slew of fresh faces coming to interview for a coveted spot at our medical school. They come mostly from Tennessee; many have done undergraduate work all over the country, had previous careers, and are very impressive on paper, but they all share one thing in common: a feeling expressed on their faces that hints at sheer excitement and terror mixed evenly. Interviewing for medical school is one of the most exciting things someone can do; the hours have been poured into taking classes, studying for the MCAT, writing the lengthy application, shadowing in hospitals, researching in labs, and often times neglecting personal life to become one of the few to don the white coat as a student doctor. There are a few things that I feel should be said to students getting ready to interview for medical school. Just a year ago, I was in those nervous, excited shoes and suit, and Im incredibly thankful for the mentors that guided me in the following ways: 1. Practice. Hours are spent practicing for the MCAT, why not practice for the one thing that could make or break an acceptance into one of the extremely competitive seats of a med school? Each undergraduate school has a career development center that is well versed in preparing students for professional interviews, both academically and industry-oriented. I always recommend setting up a practice interview with a career counselor, and gaining invaluable feedback on some personal quirks that arent always apparent to ourselves. A fault of mine is that I have unfaltering eye contact with a big, forward personality to match, and this is sometimes mistaken as aggressive and commanding to people. This was pointed out to me in a practice interview I scheduled, and I was guided on how to lighten up my intensity to let the more communicative, and expressive parts of me come across more clearly. A good way to practice answering interview questions and getting solid feedback is to work through Dr. Jessica F reedmans, The Medical School Interview with friends and family. Its a quick read and I found it helpful to hear my parents perspective with tidbits they thought would be important in telling my story while answering interview questions. 2. Read up! Im baffled sometimes when I give a tour to interviewees, and some have very basic questions that are easily accessibly on our website. The ones I know have invested time into reading about our school already understand the mission of the school, and want to know more in-depth things like what the student life is like, what things there are to do in the area, how accessible and helpful faculty are, and they essentially are interviewing me to see if my little corner of the world is somewhere they can see themselves fitting well in. Its absolutely ok, and I encourage interviewees to treat the interview day like a two-way interview. When I was in the hot seat, I asked so many questions about why my interviewers chose that school, why they like the area, and the pros and cons of that school. Youre the one that has to spend the next four years with your hands at the grindstone, so you should absolutely be invested in choosing a school that YOU see yourself at, not just one that offers you a seat. This is YOUR education, and I am a firm believer that you should take control and command of it, starting with the school you want! 3. Dont try and impress anyone. What I mean by this is that everyone already knows about everything youve ever done, because those things should have been well articulated in your application and secondaries. When we invite students for an interview, weve already thoroughly screened them, scrutinized their credentials, and know they are qualified to succeed in the rigorous medical education. The interview isnt to test academic prowess, but its so we can meet the person weve been reading about, are excited about, and see if we like each other. Come to your medical school interview prepared to show everyone the person youve written about in your application! We already know about your awards and what everyone else to say about you in your recommendation letters, and now we just want to spend some time and see if were a fit for you, and you for us. Be yourself. Be yourself. BE YOURSELF! Interview day is a lot of pressure, but its the most enjoyable and exciting part of this whole process, in my opinion. Having just gone through the rigors of applying and getting accepted to medical school, all I can say is that you should be extremely proud of the obstacles youve overcome to reach this momentous achievement. There are no magic tricks or secrets to interviewing and getting accepted to medical school; however, being an honest person with the integrity that I hope you wrote about in your application, and showing that person to us as a medical school and student body is a fast-track to an instant acceptance. The people we end up accepting are the people that I want to spend the next four years with, through the good and the bad, and they with us. The person Im willing to go out of the way for and write an email to the admissions committee is the person that would do the same for me, and is also someone Id want to have a beer with next year. So, on your interview, show them that person. Good luck! Not So Secret Secrets to Nailing the Medical School Interview is excerpted from the Accepted guide,  The Ultimate Guide to Medical School Interview Success.  To download the complete guide,  click here.   hbspt.cta.load(58291, 'f983525f-d810-452f-a0d3-c41270570189', {}); This is a repost of an article by  Joshua Wienczkowski.  For more articles by  Joshua, check out our  popular series  Journeys with Joshua. Related Resources: †¢ Prepare for Your Interview with an Admissions Expert †¢Ã‚  Sample Questions to Ask Your Interviewer †¢Ã‚  What I Learned as a Student Member of a Medical School Admissions Committee

Patient Flow in Waiting Room - 1770 Words

Patient Flow in Waiting Room Haik Janoian MGT/554 Ââ€" Operations Management University of Phoenix Group PA04MBA10 April 5, 2006 Patient Flow in Waiting Room Healthcare clinics are under a great deal of pressure to reduce costs and improve quality of service. In recent years, healthcare organizations have concentrated on preventive medicine practices and have tried to reduce the length of time that patients stay in a hospital. Outpatient services have gradually become an essential component of healthcare. Organizations that cannot make their outpatient component cost-effective are finding themselves financially burdened in this ever-changing industry (Caldwell, 2005). Patient waiting times and waiting-room congestion in†¦show more content†¦As a result of this, when one patient takes longer to process, the Arrival Queue becomes a bottleneck. Patients begin to stack up behind one another while they wait for the other patients to be processed. This is point in the process that needs improvement. By fixing the time it takes to process each patient and removing or reordering certain steps, the cycle time could be reduced and the bottleneck eliminated. Work Process Improvement As stated earlier, the cost for health care is rising for both employers and employees; therefore, both employers and employees are seeking for medical groups that provide systems of very well coordinated care. Coordinating care creates significant advantages for patient by delivering high-quality care efficiently, so that patients get the most for their health care dollars. When services are integrated and carefully designed across the stream of care, this thoughtfulness up front eliminates duplication of processes and inappropriate services. Patients, employers and medical groups benefit in terms of better health and streamlined costs associated with the care. Survey after survey suggest that the biggest frustrations for patients are: 1. Appointment access 2. Phone Access 3. Getting information about their test results 4. Understanding how to use medical group systems (referrals, eligibility, business department, etc.) With a structured Work Process Improvement process, ourShow MoreRelatedImprove Er Wait Times1004 Words   |  5 PagesWays to Improve Emergency Room Wait Times Veronica Padlo California College San Diego MAN324 May 2, 2010 Dru Macasieb Abstract It seems that emergency room wait times are ridiculous and there is no need for it. My mom has been in and out of the hospital since last April and the most annoying thing in the world is having to wait 3 hours to see a doctor. This paper is going to focus on ways to improve emergency room wait times. With all the advancements in technology you would think thatRead MoreApplication Of Rfid As Medical Application For A Hospital1542 Words   |  7 Pagesimprove patient health care has been the common goal pursued by the hospitals all over the world. 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The average number of students in process (those who are waiting and those who are being served) at each station is: Drop-o ® - 5 students Read MoreInadequate Staffing And Emergency Department Capacity1295 Words   |  6 Pagesemergency department capacity also results in patients leaving without being seen. A descriptive retrospective study conducted by Bambi et al showed that on Mondays when the patient volume was the highest the waiting time was also the longest in comparison to Saturday and Sundays which had lower patient volume and thus shorter waiting time. The increase in wait time was attributed to the â€Å"higher workload of ED staff and the rise in the number of patients in need of intensive care or who have acute

Negative Propaganda Essay - 1421 Words

Propaganda is a form of communication, a way to influence on the attitude of a community toward some position or cause. The propaganda in its origins was neutral; nevertheless, it had been used to manipulate. For this reason, the propaganda also can be defined as information that is deliberately expressed in order to harm or hurt a person. The deliberate spreading of such information lead to persuasion, persuading to do things that are not the regular scheme of a person which may result affected because habitually someone searches to benefit which is the person in charge of everything, the head master. â€Å"Propaganda is communication for the purpose of persuasion†. The perfect example of persuading the people in order to hurt others is the†¦show more content†¦Hence, Paul Joseph Goebbels became Adolf Hitlers propaganda minister in 1933, which gave him power over all German radio, press, cinema, and theater. Likewise, they created a disunion of the countries with which Germany faced, it was possible with this type of propaganda that the will and strength to fight to be destroyed. Joseph Goebbels with all the power of the media maintained Hitler’s in power and implemented all their policies to exterminate a millions of people in the Holocaust. â€Å"It was characteristic of the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany and of the Communist movements in Europe after 1930 that they recruited their members from this mass of apparently indifferent people whom all other parties had given up as too apathetic or too stupid for their attention. The result was that the majority of their membership consisted of people who never before had appeared on the political scene. 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Critical Appraisal Check Control Studies â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Critical Appraisal Check Control Studies? Answer: Introduction The current paper seeks to critically analyze the study by Hassan, Bondy, Wolff, Abbruzzese, Vauthey, Pisters, Evans, Khan, Chou, Lenzi, and Li (2007). By doing so, the validity and usefulness of the findings will be assessed. Since Hassan, et al (2007)s research was a case-control study, the tool provided by the CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) will be used (case control study) to guide the appraisal. The paper will also determine the extent to which there is a causal association between pancreatic cancer-which is the main outcome- and consumption of alcohol, smoking of cigarette, pancreatic cancer family history, diabetes mellitus, and history of pancreatitis. Overall, Hassan, et al (2007)s study is found to be of good quality since its methodological strengths surpass its weaknesses, and it has internal and external validity. CASP Tool for Case Control Study The critical appraisal tool for evaluating case control studies is composed of three wide matters that should be put into consideration, validity of the findings, what the findings are, and whether the findings will help locally (CASP, 2017). The three issues are then broken down into a total of 11 questions, which will be used to guide evaluation of the chosen article. Validity of the Results The authors addressed a clearly focused issue since the objective of carrying out the research was evident with a clear outline of the population and risk factors being investigated. A case control was appropriate to answer the question since pancreatic cancer is a rare condition. As Song and Chung (2010) outlines, case controls are suited well when investigating rare outcomes. Also, case control studies allow for more than one risk factor to be evaluated for a just one outcome (Song and Chung, 2010). In Hassan, et al (2007)s study, multiple risk factors including, heavy intake alcohol intake, pancreatic cancer cigarette smoking, and pancreatitis family history, and diabetes mellitus were all examined for pancreatic cancer. The authors used hospital-based case-control. The cases were incident as they were selected from patients that had recently been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. As CLIO (2004) outlines, using incident cases as opposed to prevalent increases confidence that exposures occurrence were before the outcome diseases onset. Additionally, using incident cases ensured no cases of over-representation of long duration. The number of cases selected was significantly large (808 participants) and were varying with age, ethnicity, sex, and social classes, ensuring that they were a representative of a defined population. The exclusion and inclusion criterion was clear ensuring consistency in the characteristics of cases. All the cases had been diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, resided in the U.S. and would communicate in English. Patients with other types of cancers were excluded together with those with past history of cancer. As such, the cases were selected in an acceptable way. When recruiting controls, the authors were keen to avoid bias. Controls were chosen from healthy friends as well as genetically unrelated members of the patients family with other cancer types other than pancreatic cancer. This would help minimize selection bias by excluding first degree and relatives that are not related by genetics but with pancreatic cancer as controls since the former may have genetic factors related to the outcome while thelatter may share the same lifestyle factors that may predispose them to the disease such as dietary habits. Therefore, by doing so the study would determine the true relationship between pancreatic cancer and some risk factors such as family history of the disease, cigarette smoking, and environmental factors without the link being altered. The controls were in many ways similar to the cases. The authors used matching where the cases and controls were frequently matched by factors such as age, ethnicity, and sex. As Rose and Laan (2009) suggests, matching helps to increase the efficiency of the study by allowing similar distributions across confounding variables between case and controls. Although some scholars such as Pearce (2016) argue that matching does not eliminate confounding but instead may introduce it by the matching factors, it is more feasible that matched sampling results to balancing controls and cases across the chosen matching variable levels, thus reducing variance and improving statistical efficiency (Rose and Laan, 2009). As such, Hassan, et al (2007) improved the efficiency of their study through matching. A studys validity is also determined by the rate of non-response. According to Groves (2006) high non-response can lead to non-response bias. In Hassan, et al (2007)s study, the non-response rate was 19.4% with the reasons for failure to participate varying. However, the authors justified that statistical analysis showed that there was no significant differences between missed and selected patients based on sex, race/ethnicity, age, residency state, and educational level. As such, the study was free from non-response bias. The quality of case control studies is contributed by the number of cases and controls selected. In the current study under appraisal, the authors recruited the same number of cases and controls. Selecting equal number increases the efficiency of a study as BMJ (n.d.) states. However, the cases comprised older individuals and had lower level of education compared to controls, an aspect that may have interfered with the study results. Ascertainment of exposure may also impact on the validity and reliability of a study. Just like most case-control studies, Hassan, et al (2017)s study established exposure from personal recall by means of self administered questionnaire and structured interviews. As BMJ (n.d.) states, the validity of information from personal recall depend significantly on the subject matter. Therefore, it may have been difficult for some participants to remember their past habits, reducing the reliability of the findings. For instance, one of the risk factors sought to be investigated by Hassan, et al (2007) was dietary habits. Recall bias may have resulted since it may be problematic for individuals to remember their past nutritional habits. Additionally, it is more likely that cases may remember past exposures than controls since they may have figured the potential causes of their conditions. As Carlson and Morrison (2009) states, bias may result if controls and cases recall differently past exper iences. Confounding factors may affect the findings of a study as they may distort the true association between variables. They may falsely demonstrate an evident or mask an association between a risk factor and an outcome when there is no existence of any relationship (Skelly, Dettroli, Brodt, 2012). Hassan, et al (2007) addressed various confounding such as exposure to tobacco, use of alcohol, and chronic illnesses. Other important confounding factors accounted for by the authors are genetic and lifestyle considerations where they excluded first degree relatives and spouses respectively. These factors may increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Therefore, by the authors recruiting controls that were considered free from exposure to them they decreased the effect of confounding on the study. What the Results Are Hassan, et al (2007)s findings revealed that diabetes mellitus, heavy consumption of alcohol, history of pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer family history, and cigarette smoking were significant pancreatic cancer risk factors. The study also revealed synergistic interactions between family pancreatic cancer family history, cigarette smoking, and type 2 diabetes in women. The results were adjusted for confounding and the associations were most likely insignificantly affected by these factors. The precision of a research finding is an important determinant of the quality of the study. Precision can be indicated by sample size and studys efficiency (Carlson and Morrison, 2009). Overall, Hassan, et al (2007)s study provided precise results since they included balanced groups of non-exposed, exposed, without outcome, and with outcome. Additionally, the adjusted odds ratio had narrow confidence intervals, indicating high precision in estimating the associations. Whether the Results Will Help Locally Hassan, et al (2007) incorporated a significant number of participants in their study. Additionally, participants were composed of people from different geographic areas, ages, and ethnic groups, making it representative. Therefore, the results can be generalized to a more universal population. Therefore, the study has external validity Conclusion The study by Hassan, et al (2017) can be deemed of good quality based on the current appraisal. Although it was found to have some weaknesses such as recall bias, its precision and internal and external validity were not compromised. The authors addressed most of the issues that may lower the quality of the study such as confounding factors, selection of cases and controls, addressed a clearly focused question, and chose controls effectively. As such, the study can be applied to the general population and can be used to support evidence-based healthcare coupled with other evidences from other research studies. References BMJ. (n.d.). chapter 8: case-control and cross sectional studies. The BMJ. Retrieved from https://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-readers/publications/epidemiology-uninitiated/8-case-control-and-cross-sectional Carlson, M.D.A., Morrison, R.S. (2009). Study design, precision, and validity in observational studies. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 12(1), 77-82. CLIO. (2004). Incident vs. Prevalent cases. CLIO Learning Modules. Retrieved from https://cliomods.stanford.edu/trailmaps/selection/case-control/incident-vs-prevalent-cases/index.html Critical Appraisal Skills Program, (CASP). (2017). Critical appraisal checklist, case control studies. Retrieved from https://www.casp-uk.net/#!casp-international/c1zsi Groves, R.M. (2006). Nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias in houseghold surveys. Public Opinion Quarterrly. 70(5), 646-675. Hassan, M.M., Bondy, M.L., Wolff, R.A., Abbruzzese, J.L., Vauthey, J., Pisters, P.W., Evans, B., Khan, R., Chou, T., Lenzi, R., Li, D. (2007). Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol, 102(12), 2696-2707. Pearce, N. (2016). Analysis of matched case-control studies. BMJ. 352 Rose, S. Laan, M.J. (2009). Why match? Investigating matched case-control study designs with causal effect estimation. The International Journal of Biostatistics. 5(1) Skelly, C.A., Dettroli, J.R., Brodt, D.E. (2012). Assessing bias: the importance of considering confounding. Evidence-Based Spine-Care Journal. 3(1), 9-12. Song, J.W. Chung, K.C. (2010). Observational studies: cohort and case-control studies. Plast Reconstr Surg. 126(6), 2234-2242. Young, J.M. Solomon, J.M. (2009). How to criticaaly appraise an article. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 6 (2), 82-91.

Resources Worksheet free essay sample

Worksheet Student resources include a variety of helpful sites and tools that can be of assistance when completing assignments, connecting to other students, and searching for careers. Complete this table regarding student resources provided by the university. In the first column, identify where the resource can be found. In the second column, summarize each resource in at least one sentence. When you are finished with the matrix, answer the follow-up question in part B. Part A: Resources Scavenger Hunt Student resource Where found Summary of the resourceSyllabus Course Materials It lets u no what, when, and where your work has to be done Class Policies Main Forums Tell about attendance and participation University Library Library Allows you to search for articles University Academic Catalog Program/My Programs Tells the most current academic programs and policies University Learning Goals Course Outline Helps on goal setting Life Resource Center Quick Links provides you free, confidential 24/7 online and telephonic support through a variety of services. We will write a custom essay sample on Resources Worksheet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Phoenix Career Services resource to help you identify and prepare for success in the career that fits o best.

DIA Scavenger Hunt Essays - Abstract Art, Auguste Rodin, Sculpture

DIA Scavenger Hunt Essays - Abstract Art, Auguste Rodin, Sculpture HUMN 1210 DR. MAYE 10/16/2015 DIA Scavenger Hunt The Detroit Institute of Arts 1-Eve, 1881 (cast 1920-40) Dimensions: 172.4 cm; W. 58 cm; D. 64.5 cm S.1029 / Lux.157 The work date is October 20, 1881 The artist name is Auguste Rodin French, 1840-1917 The artwork of Eve was done by the artist Auguste Rodin. This artwork has so much to talk about. first, the tension of this work has so many meaning and feelings into it, because that can show and explain the work by how that lady Eve had a hard time in her life and how she was struggling during her life time. This depiction of Eve, who hugs herself in shame, evokes powerful feelings. The artist Rodin wanted to place Eve on the side of the gates as pendants. The artist later described how he had started to model a large female figure when he had had to stop because his sitter, who was pregnant, could no longer pose for him. He did not exhibit this unfinished statue of Eve until 1899, by which time he felt bold enough to show his works in a fragmentary or incomplete state. The rough surface of the skin, the lack of detail and the trace of the metal armature still visible on the right foot all attest to the fact that this was a work in progress that Rodin had decided to retain. The col or that the artist gave it is a very nice looks, it makes people pay attention to it and it looks real from far away. The shape in this artwork took the artist a long time to create and it looks like the artist took so much time to get it done because if any mistake happen can ruin the whole project and that can cause the artist to lose a lot of money and time. To me this piece of art was done very successfully and the artist put so much time and work to make turn and look like the way it is right now. The sensuality of her body, now very smooth, in strong contrast with the modesty of the gesture she makes by lowering her head and crossing her arms, made it extremely popular. Also this piece of art to the artist so many years to finish because of the materials that he used to put in it to make his artwork look real and can be popular in this world. The graceful, athletic Italian woman he used as his model for 'Eve', the mother of all humanity, added an unexpected naturalism to the s culpture, as she was pregnant. Rodin repeatedly modified his sculpture as his model's weight, shape and posture changed. The figure of Eve was one of the first life-size female figures that Rodin ever modeled but she was never completed. Although the large Eve remained unfinished, she was nonetheless cast in bronze. Also as conceived by Rodin, Eve does not appear as the originator of human sin and a representation of evil but instead shows the frailty of the human condition. 2-McSorleys Bar The artwork date: 1912 Dimensions: 2' 2" x 2' 8" Medium: Oil on canvas Artist name is John Sloan American, 1871- 1951 This artwork was created by the artist John Sloan in 1912. The artist had put so much time and effort to complete this type of painting. In my opinion the shapes in this paining are absolutely amazing. This picture shows a bunch of guys standing at a bar, and having a conversation with each other. The artist created the characters in a very professional and detailed way; he also chose a very nice coloring to give the image a great look. For example; as looking at the characters we can see how the artist separated the colors of the individuals based on their job title, such as the bar tenders uniform, the server that is talking to the bar tender, and the people that are in front of the bar. When looking at this image it gives some of us an idea of how life was back then, and how people lived, dresses, and socialized with each other. the picture describes McSorleys Bar which is still located in new York city which still has all

Housing; Recreational Areas and Bathing Facilities; disaster santation Essay

Housing; Recreational Areas and Bathing Facilities; disaster santation Moduule 4 (Case) - Essay Example Discuss two methods that have been used to treat swimming pool water, ozonation and chlorination. Then, identify the method or combination of methods that would provide the best protection to swimmers and the public health. This paper discusses the hazards that low-income people living under conditions of poor sanitation face due to exposure to mold and lead painting. It gives possible solutions to these problems while taking into account the income level of the population. This paper also discusses treatment of swimming pools by chlorination and ozonation as methods of treating swimming pool water. Studies show that mold growth and dankness are related with respiratory wellbeing. However, health threats in relation to exact levels of molds are not yet known (Jacob, Ritz, Gehring, Koch, Bischof, Wichmann, & Heinrich, 2002). The people living in the low-income apartment complexes are at risk of allergies and fungal diseases among a myriad of other health complications (Ocean monitoring program: FAQ, 2007). Jacob et al. examined the consequences of enclosed mold and allergic sensitization in children. They realized â€Å"mold spore count for Cladosporium and Aspergillus were associated with increased risk of allergic sensitization† (2002). Therefore, living in proximity to mold leads to extremely high chances of conducting respiratory ailments. It also leads to displaying signs of conjunctivitis because of breathing in air contaminated with mold spores from interior surfaces. Continued exposure to air contaminants also puts these people at peril of acquiring atopic indicat ions of all other widespread, inhaled allergens apart from molds. Jacob et al. cite that kids who inhabit the same abode from their time of birth depict most symptoms of sensitization to allergens (2002). Lead-based paints contain lead, which is a potential carcinogen. The peeling paint poses a significant hazard to the people as it releases

One Organized Crime Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

One Organized Crime Questions - Essay Example In 1917, D’Aquila efficiently managed to suck up the Comorra gangs. In 1918, Comorra had assassinated the leader (Benson & French, 2008). Morello. Later, after many atrocious activities of these criminal gangs, Carlo Gambino became boss, owing to the death of Anastasia, a former leader in the early 1950s (Benson & French, 2008). Gambino then secretly conspired against another leader, Genovese, who was detained, and handed a 15-year imprisonment. At this time, the Gambino family emerged as a significant gang family within New York. Currently, the gang is highly controlled, with three key members as the heads. These include Anthony Gurino, Giovanni Gambino, and Joseph Juliano (Benson & French, 2008). Danny Leo serves as the interim boss. The street boss and the underboss are Liborio and Venero respectively. The gang estimated number of members rises slightly above 200, with various associates across the US and regionally (Benson & French, 2008). The gang still exists, albeit the apprehension and sentencing of numerous

Communicable Disease Paper Essay Example for Free

Communicable Disease Paper Essay Hepatitis B is a viral infection that is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. Acute HBV is less than six months and ones immune system is able to fight and clear the infection. Chronic HBV lasts longer than six months and ones immune system is unable to fight the infection leading to liver failure, cancer or cirrhosis. Occasionally chronic HBV can go undetected for years due to a person being asymptomatic (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Mode of Transmission In highly infected areas of the world, HBV is most commonly spread from mom to baby at birth or from person to person in early childhood (World Health Organization [WHO], 2013). The HBV is also spread via parenteral contact with infected blood or blood products, sharing of or accidental needle sticks and having unprotected sex with one who’s blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions are infected and enter your body (Copstead and Banasik, 2010). Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of HBV may never appear or appear over a two to six month period. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, dark urine, fever, joint pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, weakness and fatigue and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and or sclera) (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Complications Having chronic HBV can lead to serious life threatening complications such as, cirrhosis, liver cancer, failure, hepatitis D infection or kidney failure. Liver cirrhosis occurs when HBV has caused inflammation to liver leading to scaring and formation of fibrotic cell tissue that blocks hepatic blood flow and cell function. This in turn results in overgrowth of new cells attempting to regenerate causing decreased liver function Liver cancer and failure can occur if a patient has cirrhosis due to being a risk factor (Copstead and Banasik, 2010). Treatment Treatment of HBV is supportive. Care focuses on nutrition, hydration and comfort (WHO, 2013). For those who have been infected with acute HBV, may not even need treatment but only management of symptoms. Those infected with chronic HBV may need more invasive treatments such as, antiviral medications or need a liver transplant (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Antiviral medications are used to slow and fight the virus from destructing the liver. Liver transplants are an option if a patient has end-stage liver disease where traditional treatments have not worked and are a qualified candidate (Copstead and Banasik, 2010). Demogrphics Approximately 60,000 people die every year from HBV (WHO, 2013). There are about 200 billion people living around the world with HBV with an estimated 1. 2 million living in the United States (CDC, 2013). In 2011 the United States was estimated to have 18,800 actual new cases of the HBV (CDC, 2013). Those who are at greatest risk for developing HBV are Asian and Pacific Islanders, African Americans, gay and bisexual individuals, those who have multiple sex partners and do not practice safe sex or are intravenous drug users. Gay and bisexual men make up 20% of new HBV cases and 50% Asian and Pacific Islanders are living with HBV (CDC, 2013). Most Asian and Pacific Islanders were infected with HBV as infants or children and 1 in 12 are living with it and are not even aware. Determinants of Health Environmental factors such as living conditions, social networks and social support systems are all key drivers for one becoming infected with the HBV. For example, a homeless person who has a poor health status, is uninsured, unemployed and has a lack of education is more likely to be diagnosed with HBV. Also certain races are more likely to be infected with the HBV, as stated above, Asian and Pacific Islanders make up 50% of the population living with HBV (CDC, 2013). In addition there is a lack of resources available to protect, improve and maintain one health due to the cost and lack of good health services to individuals with low socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, focus needs to be made on improving access to care as well as treating the environmental and social factors of health. Epidemiologic Triangle The epidemiologic triangle is used to analyze the natural history of a disease. It asses the agent â€Å"what†, host â€Å"who† and environment â€Å"where† (Maurer and Smith, 2013). The biological agent for hepatitis B is a virus. The host’s demographics can range from infancy into adulthood and any race is susceptible to the virus. The body’s defenses are more likely to fight off acute than chronic HBV. A person’s behavior as well plays a large role in one becoming infected. Those who are intravenous drug users or have a history of multiple sex partners are my susceptible to developing HBV. Environmental factors based on social and economic considerations could be direct person-to-person contact of bodily fluids via kissing or sexual intercourse or receiving contaminated blood products from infected individuals. Within the workplace, an individual could accidently prick himself or herself with a contaminated needle increasing their chances of becoming infected. Role of Community Health Nurse It is important for the community health nurse to educate and promote prevention of HBV. Teaching risk reduction interventions and strategies such as not having unprotected sex and using condoms can help prevent transmission of hepatitis B. For those who have already become infected with the HBV it’s important to provide timely referrals for sexual health related services to further prevent others from becoming infected. Making the hepatitis vaccinations more accessible and available is an effective way to prevent hepatitis B. Educating health and human service providers about hepatitis B promotes quality of care and awareness as well as reduces chances of transmission. Ensuring adequate resources are available (state and local surveillance) to accurately monitor disease trends, transmission and how effective treatment is can improve and ensure correct data collection. It’s also important that the nurse refers patients to accessible care and treatment facilities so that compliance can be obtained and the rate of transmission, morbidity and mortality can be reduced. National Organization The World Hepatitis Alliance is a non-profit international umbrella non-governmental organization that represents every region of the world with viral hepatitis. They raise awareness, reduce the stigma associated with viral hepatitis, work with the WHO and provide preventive care as well as support and access to treatment. Their goal is eradication of HBV and HCV. They plan on achieving this goal by having more countries with a complete hepatitis strategy in place, regional patient organizations in all WHO regions, on going support for global hepatitis groups, acceptance at a global level of HBV and HCV, increased alliance and a more diversified funding base for the alliance. Conclusion There are two billion people worldwide that are infected with HBV and more than 350 million are infected with chronic liver infections, which increases their risk of death significantly (Maurer and Smith, 2013). Fortunately, there is a vaccine for hepatitis B but it has not become easily accessible to those in developing countries. This is a virus that can be prevented if individuals are being educating on the causes and risks as well as ways to protect themselves. It is up to us healthcare providers to spread awareness and makes our patients more knowledgeable about the types of communicable disease in our world so that they can make healthy choices.

Annual Budget Model Essay -- Business, Traditional Budgeting Model

Introduction Budgeting is a process in which every firm has to be involved with not only the board of director (Principle) who authorize the budget but also management team (Agent) who use it as well. In other words, budgeting need communication with every level of employee in the company in order to construct the goal or strategy of the company. Moreover, budgets are an instrument of power as well as being a reflection of power (Ashton et. al., 1995, p.289). Budgets that are not based on well-understood activities and costs are poor indicators of performance (Drury, 2005). Nowadays, at the time of information and technology the conventional budgeting is not good enough for withstand the rivalry in the global market. As Hope and Fraser, 2000 cited from Young, 2006 say the traditional performance management model cannot reflect today’s discontinuous change economy, which is why they point that annual budget model may be seen as having a number of intrinsic weaknesses and acting as a barrier to the effective implementation of alternative models for utilize in the success of strategic change. Therefore, I separate my essay into two parts. First, indicate and criticize on five inbred weaknesses of annual budget model. Second, explain ways in which the conventional budgeting process may be seen as an obstacle to accomplishment of the aims of Benchmarking, Balanced scorecard, and Activity-based models for the fulfillment of strategic change. Discuss on inherent weakness of annual budget model There are many weaknesses of traditional budgeting model and it has been the matter of considerable caviling. From recently research by Libby and Linsay, 2010 cited from Hansen et. al., 2003 encapsulated several discussions of budgets an... ...vities are prepared on an incremental basis or called incremental budgeting. This means that running operations and the current budgeted allowance for existing activities are taken as the starting point for preparing the next annual budget. The base is then adjusting for changes such as changes in product mix, volumes, and price that are expected to occur during the new budget period. For example, the allowance for budgeted expenses may be based on the previous budgeted allowance plus an increase to cover higher prices caused by inflation The major disadvantage of incremental approach is that the majority of expenditure, which is associated with the ‘base level’ of activity, remains unchanged. Therefore, the costs of non-unit level activities become fixed and past inefficiencies and waste inherent in the current way of doing things is perpetuated (Drury, 2005).

How Do Octavio Paz and Albert Camus Convey Their Respective Views on Death

How do Octavio Paz and Albert Camus convey their respective views on death? World Literature 1 22/08/2010 Many aspects of death are pondered and questioned throughout Octavio Paz's poems, the two I have chosen to particularly focus on are Plain and Near Cape Comorin. Albert Camus has also considered the aspect of death within his novel, The Outsider. The title, The Outsider is vital to the text, as it reflects many aspects of the author's life. David Simpson explained that ‘Camus lived most of his life in various groups and communities without really being of them’ (iii).This also shows similarities between Camus and the protagonist, Meursault, as throughout The Outsider, Meursault seems to neutralise all his emotions allowing himself to watch his own life as an ‘outsider’. However, Camus was born as and brought up to be an outsider, whereas Meursault assumes his detached, individualised life himself. Both Camus and his protagonist share an existentialist vi ew on death, this is evident in the novel The Outsider. Whereas Paz shows a more positive stance on death.Both Paz and Camus convey the notion that death is an inevitable product of life, however they go about this in very different ways. While Camus takes a negative view of death, hauntingly reflected in his protagonist's amoral, emotionless attitude towards his death sentence, Paz juxtaposes images of death and decay, with that of beauty, and nature. Plain is saturated with sexual imagery, however, it is displayed to the reader in a grotesque manner, suggesting that life shares an intrinsic link with death.Visceral imagery such as that of ‘decapitated phalluses' and a gushing ‘open wound' would normally point towards mortality, but the presence of sexual imagery contrasts this notion as, sexual intercourse is representative of the fruition of life. Camus presents a similar concept in The Outsider; as he articulates the idea that the only certain thing in life is the in evitability of death, and, because all humans will eventually meet death, all lives are all equally meaningless.This theory manifests itself in Meursault's nonchalant response to his own impending death. Whereas during his trial Meursault passively observed the judgements levelled against him, in prison he begins to ponder the fact of his inevitable death. He begins to see his life as having a past, present, and future, and concludes that there is no difference between dying soon by execution and dying decades later of natural causes. This revelation comes about when Meursault experiences a sense of liberation in his jail cell.His emotional outburst towards the chaplain, ‘hurl[ing] insults at him’ (124), contrasts hugely against the blunt, nonchalant opening sentence ‘Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I can’t be sure’ (11). While awaiting his execution, Meursault takes the final step in the development of his consciousness. This capacity for self -analysis is a new development for Meursault, and it contrasts greatly with his level of self-awareness earlier in the novel. This is significant, as it catalyses his self enlightenment, enhancing his mindset into that of an existentialist.Meursault's approach to death, and in fact his entire belief structure points to that of an individual with an amoral stance on life. He is neither moral or immoral, he simply does not make the distinction between good and bad in his own mind. His encounter with the chaplain presents the reader with a clear binary opposite; differentiating between a rational, Christian system of belief and that of Meursault who refuses to succumb to Christianity. Meursault concludes that the universe is, like him, totally indifferent to human life.He decides that people’s lives have no grand meaning or importance, and that their actions, their comings and goings, have no effect on the world. This realisation is the culmination of all the events of the novel . When Meursault accepts ‘the benign indifference of the universe,' (127) he finds peace with himself and with the society around him, and his development as a character is complete. Paz asks similar philosophical questions in Near Cape Comorin; using the first person to rhetorically inquire: ‘Am I a lost soul or a wandering body? In the same poem he uses nature to convey various elements of religion, as it is universally known that people look for answers in their faiths. Hinduism is alluded to, with references to ‘a troupe of begging monkeys'; possibly a nod to the Hindu deity â€Å"Hanuman†. This is juxtaposed with references to Christianity; such as the ‘cobra' from Genesis; a binary representation of western versus eastern religion. Nature is also used to depict death in Plain when Paz talks of ‘the buzzing of the flies' connoting decay.The theme of insects continues as he mentions a statue of ‘a saint painted blue and pink. From his l eft eye' streaming ‘grey winged insects that†¦ fall turned to dust'. This again, savours of death and decay; creating in the reader's mind, the image of a rotting corpse. This is starkly juxtaposed with the cheery colours of the ‘saint' which could themselves represent the gender stereotyped clothes given to newborn babies. Lastly, death itself is evoked with the personification by Paz, of a ‘a bird dressed in black'.This is a regularly used symbol of death, and the notion that the ‘bird flies in circles' points to the cyclical nature of life and death. This bird, however, may also be used to portray hope as it ‘rests on the only living tree' showing hope in the preservation and search of life. This hope is also present in The Outsider because once Meursault dismisses his perceived difference between execution and natural death, he must deal with the concept of hope.Hope only tortures him, because it creates the false illusion that he can change th e fact of his death. The leap of hope he feels at the idea of having another twenty years of life prevents him from making the most of his final days or hours. Hope disturbs his calm and understanding, and prevents him from fully coming to grips with his situation. By using imageries of religion, nature and sex, Paz creates a relatively positive outlook on death, in stark opposition to Camus' melodramatic, emotionless stance on death.Through Meursault's actions, Camus implicitly challenges society's accepted moral obligations, which state that one should grieve over death, especially for a loved one or family member. Because Meursault does not grieve, society classes him as an outsider, a possible threat, a man with ‘a criminal mentality' (105) and stands ‘no place [within] a community' (108). Meursault's mindset and possibly that of Camus is transferred to his views on death; views which fit into an existentialist way of thinking.Paz also portrays death as an inevitable product of life nd existence, as exemplified by the sinister bird, ‘dressed in black', flying in monotonous circles, landing on ‘the only living tree' presumably as a portent of its certain death. (1,133 words) Bibliography: †¢ Camus, Albert (1971) L’Etranger, (translated from original French to English by Stuart Gilbert,) London: Heinemann Educational Books Limited †¢ Paz, Octavio,. 1979. Selected poems. A bilingual edition. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd †¢ Simpson, David â€Å"Themes and Ideas: iii) The Outsider,† The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://www. iep. utm. edu/camus/

Emperors of Chinas Xia Dynasty

According to legend, the Xia Dynasty ruled China beginning more than four thousand years ago. Although no firm documentary evidence has yet been found for this period, it is possible that some form of evidence exists, like the  oracle bones  that have proved the existence of the Shang Dynasty (1600 - 1046 BCE). The Xia Kingdom supposedly grew up along the Yellow River, and its first leader was a sort of community organizer named Yu who got all of the people to cooperate in creating dams and canals to control the annual river floods. As a result, their agricultural production and their population increased, and they selected him to become their leader under the name of Emperor Yu the Great. We know about these legends thanks to much later Chinese historical chronicles such as the  Classic of History  or  Book of Documents.  Some scholars believed that this work was compiled from earlier documents by Confucius himself, but that seems unlikely. Xia history is also recorded in the  Bamboo Annals, another ancient book of unknown authorship, as well as in Sima Qians  Records of the Grand Historian  from 92 BCE. There is often more truth than we might guess in ancient myths and legends. That certainly has proved true in the case of the dynasty that came after the Xia, the Shang, which was long thought to be mythical until archaeologists discovered the above-mentioned oracle bones bearing the names of some of the mythical Shang emperors. Archaeology may one day prove the doubters wrong about the Xia Dynasty as well. Indeed, archaeological work in the Henan and Shanxi provinces, along the ancient course of the Yellow River, has turned up evidence of a complex early Bronze Age culture from the correct time period. Most Chinese scholars are quick to identify this complex, called the Erlitou culture, with the Xia Dynasty, although some foreign scholars are more skeptical. The Erlitou digs reveal an urban civilization with bronze foundries, palatial buildings, and straight, paved roads. Finds from the Erlitou sites also include elaborate tombs. Within those tombs are grave goods including the famous  ding tripod  vessels, one of a class of artifacts known as ritual bronzes. Other finds include bronze wine jugs and jeweled masks, as well as ceramic mugs and jade implements. Unfortunately, the one type of artifact not discovered so far is any trace of writing that conclusively states that the Erlitou site is one and the same with the Xia Dynasty. China’s Xia Dynasty Yu the Great, c. 2205 – c. 2197 BCEEmperor Qi, c. 2146 – c. 2117 BCETai Kang, c. 2117 – c. 2088 BCEZhong Kang, c. 2088 – c. 2075 BCEXiang, c. 2075 – c. 2008 BCEShao Kang, c. 2007 – c. 1985 BCEZhu, c. 1985 – c. 1968 BCEHuai, c. 1968 – c. 1924 BCEMang, c. 1924 – c. 1906 BCEXie, c. 1906 – c. 1890 BCEBu Jiang, c. 1890 – c. 1831 BCEJiong, c. 1831 – c. 1810 BCEJin, c. 1810 – c. 1789 BCEKong Jia, c. 1789 – c. 1758 BCEGao, c. 1758 – c. 1747 BCEFa, c. 1747 – c. 1728 BCEJie, c. 1728 – c. 1675 BCE To learn more, go to the list of China’s Dynasties.